Christopher Payne (2) (1968–)

Powerful photographs of the grand exteriors and crumbling interiors of America's abandoned state mental hospitals.
For more than half the nation's history, vast mental hospitals were a prominent feature of the American landscape. From the mid-nineteenth century to the early twentieth, over 250 institutions for the insane were built throughout the United States; by 1948, they housed more than a half million patients. The blueprint for these hospitals was set by Pennsylvania hospital superintendant Thomas Story Kirkbride: a central administration building flanked symmetrically by pavilions and surrounded by lavish grounds with pastoral vistas. Kirkbride and others believed that well-designed buildings and grounds, a peaceful environment, a regimen of fresh air, and places for work, exercise, and cultural activities would heal mental illness. But in the second half of the twentieth century, after the introduction of psychotropic drugs and policy shifts toward community-based care, patient populations declined dramatically, leaving many of these beautiful, massive buildings—and the patients who lived in them—neglected and abandoned.… (altro)

This book showcases Christopher Payne's evocative photographs of the ruins of state mental hospitals. Most of these sprawling compounds have been abandoned for years. The exteriors still resemble solid brick fortresses, but their interiors have been destroyed by mold, plant growth, vandalism and neglect.

In his forward Oliver Sacks tries to rescue state mental hospitals from their horrifying "snake-pit" image. He waxes nostalgic for the days when indigent people with mental illness were sent to live, often permanently, in these state-run institutions. In accordance with 19th century ideals of "moral treatment", state hospitals were self-sustaining communities where patients grew their own vegetables, raised their own livestock, and even made their own clothes and shoes. Sacks points out that that the hospitals were havens for the mentally ill in the era before effective treatments were available. The imposing brick edifices protected the most vulnerable members of society, and, more importantly, allowed them to be themselves. Sacks writes of "spacious dayrooms" that contained "patients quietly reading or sleeping on sofas or (as was perfectly permissible) just staring into space...[state hospitals] were places where one could be both mad and safe, places where one's madness could be assured of finding, if not a cure, at least recognition and respect, and a vital sense of companionship and community" (p. 5).

Interestingly, as Payne writes in his discussion of the buildings' architecture, state hospitals were designed to be beautiful, and were a source of great civic pride to their host cities. The buildings' "outward similarity to the great resort hotels of the [Victorian] era is striking," he writes (pp. 9-10). Amenities included auditoriums and bowling alleys for the patients as well as elegant offices for doctors and administrators.

The book also includes photographs of old electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) devices and deep bathtubs for hydrotherapy.

Traditional state mental hospitals started closing in the 1960s and by the 1990s had almost ceased to exist, due to the widespread use of psychiatric drugs and the cost-cutting emphasis of the "de- institutionalization" movement. Most observers agree that the de-institutionalization of the mentally ill has been a failure. But would we really want to return to the days of the state-run mental institution? Looking at the photographs in this book, or even at just the picture of a straitjacket on the cover, I can't imagine that life at even the best-run state hospitals was ever as idyllic as Oliver Sacks claims it was.… (altro)