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Biblioteca Historia de España
Encuadernación en tapa dura de editorial ilustrada. Cinta de lectura.
Buen estado
 
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Accitanus | 2 altre recensioni | Apr 12, 2024 |
 
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fromega | Apr 3, 2023 |
 
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antoniojbarrero | 2 altre recensioni | Jul 18, 2021 |
Son muchos los autores que han dedicado su esfuerzo investigador a la tarea de reconstruir la historia de los judíos españoles. Una nueva obra, en este caso del hispanista francés Joseph Pérez, recala otra vez en el análisis del devenir histórico del judaísmo español, con gran claridad y rigor. A él le debemos notables trabajos sobre la primera edad moderna española comoHistoria de una tragedia: la expulsión de los judíos de España(1993), estu-dio también protagonizado por esa minoría religiosa y cuyo propósito es conocer las razones que llevaron a España a prohibir el judaísmo, La España de los Reyes Católicos (1986), Isabel y Fernando, los Reyes Católicos(1988), o La revolución de las comunidades de Castilla (1520-1521), de 1977, entre otros.Ya en el capítulo inicial, el propio autor afirma que no pretende realizar ninguna aportación realmente novedosa, sino un compendio del estado de la cuestión «sobre el tema judío y sefardí con la sola originalidad de alguna sobservaciones o comentarios» (p. 14)Parte del origen dudoso del uso del término «sefardí», palabra que designaa los judíos procedentes de la península ibérica, y que es posible que provengadel topónimo bíblico «Sefarad», vocablo que comenzó a identificarse con laEspaña hebrea después de la expulsión de los judíos, «probablemente muytarde», en consideración del autor, que así retrasa la existencia de comunidadesisraelitas a momentos posteriores a su legendaria presencia, anterior a la crucifixión de Jesucristo.Posteriormente analiza el momento histórico y lugares que constituyeronlos primeros asentamientos de judíos en la península ibérica en los primeros siglos de nuestra era y afirma que el judaísmo en la España romana siempre fue una religión, nunca una clase social o raza distinta, si bien debido a sus costumbres y su modo de vida los judíos nunca fueron bien vistos en el mundo romano, desconfianza que aumentó a partir del siglo IV, cuando el cristianismo se convirtió en la religión dominante. La situación de los judíos mejoró con la llegada de los visigodos, pero cambió con la conversión al catolicismo del rey Recaredo, hecho que le llevó aaplicar una política antijudía, mantenida y aumentada por los monarcas que lesucedieron, actitud que –según el historiador– sólo puede explicarse por moti-vos religiosos y por deseos de mantener la unidad del reino en la fe. Estos acon-tecimientos son un «claro antecedente de la situación que se dará al inicio delos tiempos modernos» (p. 26)Cuando los musulmanes, en el año 711, se hicieron con el dominio de laPenínsula, una de las tesis más arraigadas desde entonces para explicar «lapérdida de España», fue la alianza de los judíos con los invasores musulma-nes. Fuera más o menos estrecha esta coligación, lo cierto es que «los nuevos421RecensionesRevista de la Inquisición2006, 12: 402-432
dueños» toleraron a los judíos y éstos lograron prosperar. El judaísmo anda-lusí vive entonces una época de esplendor, como muestra la larga nómina deescritores e intelectuales hispanojudíos de relieve, entre los que destaca lafigura de Maimónides.Esta situación de avenencia se mantuvo hasta 1086, pero a partir de estafecha los nuevos invasores –almorávides y almohades–, defensores de la másestricta ortodoxia islámica, obligaron a los judíos a convertirse, lo que provo-có una huida masiva de hebreos al norte cristiano peninsular. Concluye el his-toriador francés este capítulo afirmando que la tradicional visión de la Españade las tres religiones conviviendo felizmente es falsa, como prueban los docu-mentos al respecto.En la España cristiana se tienen noticias de presencia judía desde el siglo X, número que se incrementó tras la invasión almorávide en 1086 y las per-secuciones de los almohades, a partir de 1146. Los monarcas cristianos acogieron a los judíos recién llegados con actitud benévola y en las comarcas en las que se asentaron, principalmente las del norte, los judíos llevaron, con carácter general, una vida intensa y dinámica durante los siglos XII, XIII y parte del XIV. No deja de insistir el escritor en varias páginas del libro en que los judíos únicamente fueron tolerados, en el sentido de no ser perseguidos,quizá por su utilidad, pero nada más lejos de reconocerles sus derechos; persevera una y otra vez en la idea de que entre judíos y cristianos, o musulmanes, sólo hubo «cohabitación o mera coexistencia [...] más que auténtica convivencia» (p. 83). El rechazo al judío es casi una constante, se trata de unantijudaísmo tristemente persistente y más o menos tolerado en el discurrir dela historia de los hebreos. Cualquier otra consideración es un tópico para Joseph Pérez. La peste negra del siglo XIV inauguró una etapa dramática para los judíos en España y en Europa. Todo parece desembocar en la estigmatización del pueblo hebreo como el responsable de todas las desgracias, lo que desata la violencia popular contra las comunidades de judíos, que alcanza consecuencias catastróficas en 1391 con las matanzas de varios cientos de judíos en Andalucía. Como consecuencia, muchos hebreos se convirtieron al cristianismo, surgiendo así «el problema converso». Los conversos eran considerados por algunos sectores como falsos cristianos y Joseph Pérez no niega la existencia –documentada afirma– del criptojudaísmo, aunque trata de matizarlo. La idea de la necesidad de acabar con el judaísmo y castigar a los que judaizaban por su herejía se abre camino, lo que apoya la hipótesis de que «la Inquisición hubiera nacido en medios conversos» (p. 151). En la España de los Reyes Católicos los judíos constituían una importante minoría urbana, aunque el autor opina que se ha exagerado mucho su papel en la vida económica. Los Reyes fueron «sumamente favorables a los judíos», pero las tensiones y la conflictividad existían, y entre otras medidas, los Reyes Católicos inician ante Sixto IV las gestiones para poder nombrar inquisidores en sus reinos, poder que utilizaron en 1480, el 27 de septiembre. Se ocupa en otro capítulo de la expulsión de los judíos, motivada por la lucha contra los falsos conversos y decretada el 31 de marzo de 1492, decisión a la que contribuyó el proceso sobre el presunto crimen del Santo Niño de la Guardia, caso considerado por Joseph Pérez como un «tosco montaje». Analiza las variantes que existen en las tres versiones que se conocen del decreto de expulsión: la de Torquemada, la castellana y la aragonesa. Considera el decreto y la Inquisición «como una mancha sombría en el historial de Fernando e Isabel» (p. 194) y el año 1492 como el fin de la historia del judaísmo español. Analiza las diferentes hipótesis sobre las razones que impulsaron a los ReyesCatólicos a tomar esa decisión y, según él, dicha determinación sólo es explicablepor motivos de índole religiosa. Justifica el hecho de que no se procediera inicialmente con los mudéjares –luego moriscos– de la misma forma, por ser menos influyentes, más sumisos o por no ocupar puestos relevantes. Considera que en la expulsión de los judíos primaba el deseo de ruptura con el pasado semítico, «con el fin de reintegrarse plenamente en el seno de la cristiandad europea» (p. 216). Finalizada la expulsión en condiciones espantosas, como las califica el autor, los judíos se establecen en países de Europa, como Portugal, los Países Bajos, Italia o Francia y en territorios musulmanes, buscando condiciones semejantes a las que tenían en España. De la diáspora sefardí destaca JosephPérez su fidelidad a la fe de sus padres, la solidaridad entre ellos y la «huella profunda» que les dejó España. De los que se quedaron, unos renunciaron definitivamente al judaísmo, los conversos, y otros siguieron fieles a él, los marranos o criptojudíos, con los quel a Inquisición se mostró particularmente severa en ciertas épocas. Mantiene el autor, de todos modos, que el criptojudaísmo, cuya manifestación más llamativa fue la de los chuetas de Mallorca, debió ser practicado de forma muy elemental para evitar problemas, por asimilación natural o por influencia cristiana incluso. Parece ser que algunos rabinos askenazíes se sorprendían de la tibia fe de aquellos judíos.El entusiasmo por mantener la cultura española y su ligazón a la tierra originaria es una constante en todos los sefardíes expulsados, destaca el autor. Todos continuaron empleando en el exilio el castellano, tal y como se hablaba en España en el momento de su expulsión y que no es otro que el judeo-español, lengua oral durante casi dos siglos, que se convierte en lengua de cultura escrita en el siglo XVIII. Actualmente su uso está reducido al ámbito familiar y apenas se escribe, aunque se realizan esfuerzos para revitalizar la literatura sefardí. El antijudaísmo ha sido un fenómeno palpable, sin embargo Joseph Pérez opina que en España no derivó en antisemitismo moderno; de cualquier modo se ha hecho poco a favor de los sefardíes, política y socialmente hablando,salvo honrosas excepciones. El régimen de Franco, a pesar de ciertas declaraciones ideológicas o posturas contradictorias, «se mostró bastante benévolo con los sefardíes y los judíos» (p. 320). Constata al final del libro que «lo sefardí, como tal, está en vías de desaparición» (p. 342), con lo que Sefarad terminará siendo sólo «una nostalgia».
Pilar DEL POZO JODRA
 
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Gerardo.Pocovi5g | Feb 28, 2021 |
 
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Murtra | 2 altre recensioni | Aug 4, 2020 |
Un interesante libro que desde su fundamento histórico clarifica y acaba con algunas "verdades" sobre la expulsión de los judíos de España.
 
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MigueLoza | Nov 20, 2019 |
Traducido por María Pons Irazazábal
 
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tonimateu | 3 altre recensioni | May 16, 2019 |
I learned a lot of unexpected things from this book. It’s well written and well translated (although, understandably, most of the references are in Spanish). There had been an Inquisition since the 1200s (in fact, that Inquisition operated in Spain); however, the Spanish Inquisition was uniquely national – although theoretically under Papal control (like the regular Inquisition), it was actually founded by Isabella and Fernando, and administered by them and their successors. “Spain”, at the time, was the name of a geographic area, not a nation. The wedding of Fernando of Aragon and Isabella of Castille had united the two largest polities, and the rest of Spain was under their joint rulership due to various other titles they held (Fernando was Duke of Barcelona, for example). However, each region had its own laws and regulations, and there was no single entity that had authority over the entire region – except the Inquisition.

And the Inquisition had a lot of authority to wield. It was heresy to obstruct or interfere with its operations – a fact that attracted a lot of voluntary supporters. A layman could become a “familiar” of the Inquisition, which essentially gave him secret police powers – something that must have been an irresistible temptation to a lot of people with grudges against their neighbors. The Inquisition, of course, was supposed to be careful of such cases – and had written instruction to that effect. However, there were also written instructions that the Inquisition should never be in the wrong. It was possible to be acquitted, but that was a rare event – one or two cases a year perhaps. A more likely occurrence was an “adjournment”, in which the Inquisition had insufficient evidence to convict but didn’t want to let the defendant off completely. A person whose case was “adjourned” was still given a minor penalty – a fine, usually – and was under suspicion forever more.

For those found guilty, of course, things were much worse. At the minimum, you could expect confiscation of all your property, a fine (author Joseph Perez doesn’t explain how you were supposed to pay a fine with all your property confiscated), disbarment from public office and several professions to the third generation, and the requirement to wear the sambenito, a sort of tunic with your crimes written on it. The maximum, of course, was being burned. (Only victims who refused to repent were burned alive; the penitent were garroted first).

I had misunderstood something there, as well. The term auto da fe has entered the vernacular as synonymous with public burning, but according to Perez, the auto da fe was a public confession of sins, with the actual burning taking place elsewhere, under secular authority. There’s some confusion here; there are many paintings – including one on the front cover of this book – supposedly depicting an auto da fe with the condemned burning in the background, and Perez actually cites some of these. However, this may be due to the Renaissance painting convention of concatenating several events in a single illustration. There’s another inconsistency with the auto da fe; Perez mentions that the condemned were not told their sentences until just before they were applied, thus preventing appeals (in fact, troublesome heretics were gagged to prevent them from protesting, and it was specifically forbidden to forward an appeal to the Pope). However, in another place Perez notes the sentences were given three days before their application. Perhaps the custom changed.

Mel Brooks notwithstanding, the Spanish Inquisition never operated against Jews (who could not, after all, be heretics). The main victims were conversos – Jews or Moslems who had publicly converted to Christianity but privately continued to follow some or all of their former religious practices. This lead to some developments that would have been ironic if they weren’t so tragic. First, the Inquisition complained that the remaining Jews and Moslems in Spain were providing a source of inspiration and information to the conversos, so they were duly expelled from the country. Then priests were instructed to read a list of suspicious practices from the pulpit every Sunday – abstaining from pork and/or alcohol, not working on Saturday, engaging in fasts or special meals on certain days, etc. – so people could denounce their neighbors (concealing heresy was itself a heresy, meaning that if a relapsed converso family was found, all their friends and neighbors were arrested too, since it was assumed they must have known). However, the Inquisition eventually decided that this practice was counterproductive – by listening to a list of things that made you a Jew or a Moslem, Jews and Moslems were acquiring religious knowledge otherwise forbidden to them.

Lutherans – the generic term for any Protestant – were considered a special kind of Jews (presumably to avoid even the suggestion that there might be an alternative Christianity to Catholicism). Based on my memory of my Missouri Synod Lutheran grandparents, lumping them with Jews would, sadly, have been more insulting than burning them alive.

Oddly, the Spanish Inquisition treated witches relatively mildly – although a few witches were burned, most got lesser penalties since witchcraft was considered a superstition rather than a heresy. This is very different from many of the other Europeans, who burned witches in huge numbers.

The Spanish Inquisition went out not with a bang, but a whimper. There was a brief spurt of sentences to the galleys when the Spanish navy needed rowers, but the number of heretics, not surprisingly, rapidly diminished after the 16th century. The last burning (of a sorcerer) to place in the late 18th century, and the Spanish Inquisition was formally abolished in 1834.

Perez closes with an obvious but still well-stated comparison between the Spanish Inquisition and Soviet Stalinism. Both kept their proceedings completely secret; both assumed that any contact between the accused and foreigners were objective proof of heresy, and both extended punishment to the victim’s family and friends. Finally, one of the most intriguing similarities is the requirement for a “confession”, often with the full cooperation of the accused. Condemned heretics often asked just how to word their confessions to best serve the Holy Office (of course, the reward of being strangled before burning must have been an incentive); condemned communists were invited, and usually agreed, to perform one last service to the Party by admitting and detailing their errors.½
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setnahkt | 3 altre recensioni | Dec 29, 2017 |
http://nwhyte.livejournal.com/1766771.html

I didn't know a lot about the Spanish Inquisition before reading this fairly comprehensive but also short (221 pages) account. Pérez gives plenty of detail on how it operated, as a powerful and brutal autnomous judicial system within the Spanish state, from 1480 to 1834 (admittedly rather gutted of its authority in its final decades). Several interesting points that arose for me:

1) Though run by Church officials, the Inquisition was more an arm of Madrid than of Rome; the Spanish king and government exercised control over it as far as anyone did. Though it was set up to extirpate heresy, this was heresy treated as a crime against the civil order.

2) The context of 1480 was that of the final victory of Christian rulers over Muslims in Spain, which of course could not be known to be final at the time; Pérez seems to consider that a fair amount of the Inquisition's persecution of backsliding converts from Islam or Judaism was a response to a real phenomenon rather than a witch-hunt of imaginary foes.

3) Speaking of which, the Inquisition rarely took charges of witchcraft per se seriously and tended to acquit accused witches brought before it.

4) Having said that, the Inquisition was far more brutal and violent than other judicial mechanisms dealing with religious difference, even in a bloodthirsty and bigoted period of history.

Two things would have helped me to appreciate the book more. The first, which is more my fault than Pérez', is that I have very little knowledge of Spanish history, and cannot really relate to any of its monarchs after Ferdinand and Isabella, Charles V and Philip II, so rather than fitting the narrative from 1600 to 1800 into a framework that I already knew, I was trying to reconstruct the historical background from the intense details given by Pérez. The second is that, although Pérez does reflect a bit on the comparative dimension, we could have done with more of it; apologists mutter that even Calvin's Geneva burned Servetus (who had of course escaped the Spanish Inquisition himself), but to me the interesting question is, how come nothing like the Spanish inquisition developed in other Catholic countries, most notably in the Papal states?

I did have one laugh-out-loud moment, when zealots complained that the public reading of the edict of faith, which described heretical practices in some detail, was actually disseminating knowledge of the practices it was supposed to condemn. I doubt if it made much difference; I shouldn't think anyone was really listening.

Anyway, a cheap remainder purchase a couple of years ago which justified the £2 it cost me.½
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nwhyte | 3 altre recensioni | Jun 26, 2011 |
I had been reading the Captain Alatriste series by Arturo Perez-Reverte and I became interested in the Spanish Inquisition. I just picked up a book from Borders that looked like the kind of information I was looking for. It was the correct information written in the most dry uninteresting way possible. I really felt like I was reading a thesis. How dry was it? It took 5 days to read this 225 page book. Boring!
 
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jmaloney17 | 3 altre recensioni | Aug 20, 2009 |
 
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Murtra | 2 altre recensioni | Oct 18, 2020 |
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