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Energia e civiltà. Una storia (2017)

di Vaclav Smil

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452355,524 (3.95)2
Energy is the only universal currency; it is necessary for getting anything done. The conversion of energy on Earth ranges from terra-forming forces of plate tectonics to cumulative erosive effects of raindrops. Life on Earth depends on the photosynthetic conversion of solar energy into plant biomass. Humans have come to rely on many more energy flows -- ranging from fossil fuels to photovoltaic generation of electricity -- for their civilized existence. In this monumental history, Vaclav Smil provides a comprehensive account of how energy has shaped society, from pre-agricultural foraging societies through today's fossil fuel--driven civilization. Humans are the only species that can systematically harness energies outside their bodies, using the power of their intellect and an enormous variety of artifacts -- from the simplest tools to internal combustion engines and nuclear reactors. The epochal transition to fossil fuels affected everything: agriculture, industry, transportation, weapons, communication, economics, urbanization, quality of life, politics, and the environment. Smil describes humanity's energy eras in panoramic and interdisciplinary fashion, offering readers a magisterial overview. This book is an extensively updated and expanded version of Smil's Energy in World History (1994). Smil has incorporated an enormous amount of new material, reflecting the dramatic developments in energy studies over the last two decades and his own research over that time.… (altro)
  1. 00
    A History of Thermodynamics: The Doctrine of Energy and Entropy di Ingo Müller (br77rino)
    br77rino: Reading Smil's new book, he recommends Muller's 2007 book.
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В списке пяти лучших книг 2017 года Билла Гейтса эта самая любопытная. Гейтс — фанат автора и прочел все 36 его предыдущих книг! 74-летний канадский профессор удивительно плодовит, только в 2013-м вышло сразу четыре его работы. Эта же, судя по всему, итоговый труд.

Вацлав Смил представил захватывающий рассказ о цивилизации с точки зрения джоулей и калорий. «Все природные процессы и вся человеческая деятельность в наиболее фундаментальном физическом смысле являются преобразованием энергии», — уверен он. Надев очки Смила и взглянув на окружающий мир, вы, как в «Матрице», за изображением увидите ползущие цифры кода: свеча преобразует в свет лишь 0,01% химической энергии, лошадь спит стоя благодаря анатомическому читингу, все остальные млекопитающие лежа потребляют на 10% энергии меньше, взмахи руками при ходьбе снижают расход калорий на 3%... Книга при этом не превращается в таблицу, цифры приводятся лишь в качестве доказательства. Например, вы со школы в восторге от архимедова винта, а вам доходчиво рассказывают (и табличкой иллюстрируют), насколько он малоэффективен и, более того, уступает целой плеяде бедуинских приспособлений для подъема воды.

Удивительно, но на протяжении всего повествования от каменного века до «кремниевого» автор умудряется не терять ни темпа, ни читательского интереса. Темы, грозящие увести нарратив в сторону, аккуратно упаковываются в лейденские банки виньеток и обвешиваются гирляндами ссылок для самостоятельного изучения на досуге. С энергетической точки зрения изобретения и находки не возникают как из воздуха, а обретают довольно стройную причинно-следственную связь. За технологическими пробуксовками случались и весьма своевременные открытия. Так, начало добычи нефти в США связано с возросшими потребностями в освещении, которые ранее обеспечивались за счет китового жира. Увы, использование электричества этот вариант применения нефтепродуктов сделало малоэффективным, но, к счастью для нефтяников, тут же подоспел двигатель внутреннего сгорания и автомобили.

Питание, оружие, урбанистика, транспорт, производство, сельское хозяйство — все в книге охвачено и переплетено проводами. Смил не согласился бы с Фрейдом: вовсе не cекс основной мотиватор человечества. Двигатель прогресса — это желание поменьше работать, более известное нам как лень. ( )
  Den85 | Jan 3, 2024 |
Smil provides almost too much data about energy use in civilization and poorer capital throughout history. He sees energy as an important element in historical advance but nearly incidental to ethics and art. He refers to automobiles as an addiction and notes no addiction is without costs. He speculates on how out of the world can wean itself from hydrocarbon energy. While full of many answers it raises even more questions. ( )
  waldhaus1 | Oct 17, 2021 |
To a large degree this is somewhere between a reference work and a textbook and while Smil may think that he's writing history of technology for historians to this reader the book feels more like sociology for engineers. That said you will inevitably learn a great deal by dipping into this book at points, as Smil explains the hard realities of energy transfers from deep human history up till the current day. Such being the case Smil is not there to coddle your expectations as while he believes that the excessive burning of fossil fuels are a threat to human survival he is also not impressed that any of the "green" solutions will offer much hope in the near future. His short term suggestion is that, perhaps, people should get used to using less and living more modestly; Smil makes no bones about finding the West's conspicuous consumption distasteful and uncultured. The flavor is much like that of your granduncle who experienced real privation in his life and finds your whining about not being able to buy a new sports car tedious and annoying. ( )
  Shrike58 | Nov 1, 2019 |
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Energy is the only universal currency; it is necessary for getting anything done. The conversion of energy on Earth ranges from terra-forming forces of plate tectonics to cumulative erosive effects of raindrops. Life on Earth depends on the photosynthetic conversion of solar energy into plant biomass. Humans have come to rely on many more energy flows -- ranging from fossil fuels to photovoltaic generation of electricity -- for their civilized existence. In this monumental history, Vaclav Smil provides a comprehensive account of how energy has shaped society, from pre-agricultural foraging societies through today's fossil fuel--driven civilization. Humans are the only species that can systematically harness energies outside their bodies, using the power of their intellect and an enormous variety of artifacts -- from the simplest tools to internal combustion engines and nuclear reactors. The epochal transition to fossil fuels affected everything: agriculture, industry, transportation, weapons, communication, economics, urbanization, quality of life, politics, and the environment. Smil describes humanity's energy eras in panoramic and interdisciplinary fashion, offering readers a magisterial overview. This book is an extensively updated and expanded version of Smil's Energy in World History (1994). Smil has incorporated an enormous amount of new material, reflecting the dramatic developments in energy studies over the last two decades and his own research over that time.

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