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Rebels Rising: Cities and the American Revolution

di Benjamin L. Carp

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The cities of eighteenth-century America packed together tens of thousands of colonists, who met each other in back rooms and plotted political tactics, debated the issues of the day in taverns, and mingled together on the wharves or in the streets. In this fascinating work, historian Benjamin L. Carp shows how these various urban meeting places provided the tinder and spark for the American Revolution. Carp focuses closely on political activity in colonial America's five most populous cities--in particular, he examines Boston's waterfront community, New York tavern-goers, Newport congregations, Charleston's elite patriarchy, and the common people who gathered outside Philadelphia's State House. He shows how--because of their tight concentrations of people and diverse mixture of inhabitants--the largest cities offered fertile ground for political consciousness, political persuasion, and political action. The book traces how everyday interactions in taverns, wharves, and elsewhere slowly developed into more serious political activity. Ultimately, the residents of cities became the first to voice their discontent. Merchants began meeting to discuss the repercussions of new laws, printers fired up provocative pamphlets, and protesters took to the streets. Indeed, the cities became the flashpoints for legislative protests, committee meetings, massive outdoor gatherings, newspaper harangues, boycotts, customs evasion, violence and riots--all of which laid the groundwork for war. Ranging from 1740 to 1780, this groundbreaking work contributes significantly to our understanding of the American Revolution. By focusing on some of the most pivotal events of the eighteenth century as they unfolded in the most dynamic places in America, this book illuminates how city dwellers joined in various forms of political activity that helped make the Revolution possible.… (altro)
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In Rebels Rising: Cities and the American Revolution, Benjamin L. Carp, Assistant Professor of History at Tufts University, examines the political activity in Colonial America’s five most populous cities (Boston, New York City, Newport, Charleston, and Philadelphia) on the eve of the American Revolution. As a main thesis, he shows that the contours of urban life made it possible for patriot mobilization to be ultimately more effective than imperial counter-mobilization.

The Boston waterfront was home to a cohesive and interdependent community of seamen, dockworkers, artisans, and merchants whose mobilization in times of imperial crises made the city a leader in the resistance to Great Britain. The radical waterfront coalition was in many ways a microcosm of the city itself. Generally the first feel the ill effects of imperial encroachment, the waterfront was uniquely situated both geographically and socioeconomically to play a pivotal role in revolutionary events. Carp details the circumstances begetting key waterfront actions and their ultimate consequences and significance. As radical ideas spread inland, the waterfront cause became a countryside cause, and ultimately an intercolonial cause. Other cities in the colonies looked to Boston as the vanguard of radical action. In this way as Carp notes, the waterfront revolution was a crucial and catalytic component of the urban revolution, which was in turn a crucial and catalytic component of the American Revolution as a whole.

During the imperial crisis, the taverns and public houses of New York City allowed for the mixing (and of course shaking and stirring) of inhabitants and visitors from different social groups and served as ideal staging grounds from which revolutionaries launched their opposition. To control the taverns was to control the populace. Organized drinking societies and tavern companies not only exchanged ideas among themselves, they initiated correspondence among tavern companies throughout the Atlantic seaboard. Thus, societies that began in the New York taverns served as a model for, and corresponded with, tavern societies that met in cities and towns throughout the American colonies.

More than any other major city in the colonies, pluralistic Newport was home to a multiplicity of religious groups – Anglicans, Congregationalists, Baptists, Quakers, Moravians, Jews, and secular nothingarians. Along with detailed descriptions of their meetinghouses, Carp provides the prevailing (and divergent) stances held within these groups and their ministers as they related to the resistance movement. In the end, Newporters proved to be reluctant revolutionaries, for the urban religious landscape allowed for communication and conflict, but not necessarily political mobilization.

Nine of the ten richest men in British North America were South Carolinians, and Charleston District was the richest in North America, with an average wealth per estate tripling that of its nearest rival. Such wealth afforded Carolina’s elite patriarchs a lifestyle of decadence and consumerism for imported British fineries, making them natural targets for supporters of non-importation and non-consumption policies. Their households became “miserably situated between two fires” – kingly tyranny for one, and popular tyranny the other. Henry Laurens felt the wrath of this popular tyranny firsthand. He and his fellow gentry would have to set about building a new republican household if they wished to continue dominating colonial politics, economy, and society. So in this way, the Charleston household became the predominant venue of political mobilization. However, initial progress and inroads toward revolutionary liberty made by the disenfranchised – blacks, women, and the middling and poor – would remain limited.

As a native of the Delaware Valley, this reader appreciates that Carp saved the best story – Philadelphia – for last (but of course I’m biased). In Pennsylvania, independence caught on slowly. Assembly members, those practicing politics “within doors,” were careful not to offend Parliament, the Crown, or the Ministry, as they were bent on replacing the proprietary charter with a royal government. Radicals in favor of independence would have to resort to politics “out of doors,” most often in the form of large gatherings in State House Yard, in order to muster the populace and influence public opinion. By 1774, these gatherings cleared the way for the meetings of the Continental Congresses and became the mechanism by which independence was popularized and affirmed.

The book is extensively referenced for scholars seeking more granularity on the subject, and the vivid narrative style is appealing to the general reader interested in learning more about urban politics and folkways during the American Revolution. ( )
  Pharmacovigilant | Jan 21, 2011 |
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The cities of eighteenth-century America packed together tens of thousands of colonists, who met each other in back rooms and plotted political tactics, debated the issues of the day in taverns, and mingled together on the wharves or in the streets. In this fascinating work, historian Benjamin L. Carp shows how these various urban meeting places provided the tinder and spark for the American Revolution. Carp focuses closely on political activity in colonial America's five most populous cities--in particular, he examines Boston's waterfront community, New York tavern-goers, Newport congregations, Charleston's elite patriarchy, and the common people who gathered outside Philadelphia's State House. He shows how--because of their tight concentrations of people and diverse mixture of inhabitants--the largest cities offered fertile ground for political consciousness, political persuasion, and political action. The book traces how everyday interactions in taverns, wharves, and elsewhere slowly developed into more serious political activity. Ultimately, the residents of cities became the first to voice their discontent. Merchants began meeting to discuss the repercussions of new laws, printers fired up provocative pamphlets, and protesters took to the streets. Indeed, the cities became the flashpoints for legislative protests, committee meetings, massive outdoor gatherings, newspaper harangues, boycotts, customs evasion, violence and riots--all of which laid the groundwork for war. Ranging from 1740 to 1780, this groundbreaking work contributes significantly to our understanding of the American Revolution. By focusing on some of the most pivotal events of the eighteenth century as they unfolded in the most dynamic places in America, this book illuminates how city dwellers joined in various forms of political activity that helped make the Revolution possible.

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