The proceedings of a conference held at the Royal Society, London. This meeting was held by the Research Defence Society, a society which has existed for more than 80 years as an important voice of the scientific and medical community in the debate about the use of animals in research. The purpose of the meeting was to examine, from a scientific and medical perspective, the future role of animal experiments in medical research without ignoring the ethical context and justification for that research. The ethical implications of novel areas of research, for example trangenic animals, the future were also discussed. Eminent scientists and clinicians from the UK and United States spoke about their particular fields of the work and considered the importance of animal experiments in each case. The conclusions of this book should be highly relevant to the uses of animals in medical research.