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Nothing Is True and Everything Is Possible: Adventures in Modern Russia

di Peter Pomerantsev

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7613329,423 (4.04)30
"Nothing Is True and Everything is Possible is a journey into the glittering, surreal heart of 21st century Russia: into the lives of oligarchs convinced they are messiahs, professional killers with the souls of artists, Bohemian theater directors turned Kremlin puppet-masters, supermodel sects, post-modern dictators, and playboy revolutionaries. This is a world erupting with new money and new power, changing so fast it breaks all sense of reality, where life is seen as a whirling, glamorous masquerade where identities can be switched and all values are changeable. It is a completely new type of society where nothing is true and everything is possible--yet it is also home to a new form of authoritarianism, built not on oppression but avarice and temptation. Peter Pomerantsev, ethnically Russian but raised in England, came to Moscow work in the fast-growing television and film industry. The job took him into every nook and corrupt cranny of the country: from meetings in smoky rooms with propaganda gurus through to distant mafia-towns in Siberia. As he becomes more successful in his career, he gets invited to the best parties, becomes friend to oligarchs and strippers alike, and grows increasingly uneasy as he is drawn into the mechanics of Putin's post-modern dictatorship. In Nothing is True and Everything is Possible, we meet Vitaliy, a Mafia boss proudly starring in a film about his own crimes; Zinaida, a Chechen prostitute who parties in Moscow while her sister is drawn towards becoming a Jihadi; and many more. These 21st century Russians grew up among Soviet propaganda they never believed in, became disillusioned with democracy after the fall of communism, and are now filled with a sense of cynicism and enlightenment. Pomerantsev captures the bling effervescence of oil-boom Russia, as well as the steadily deleterious effects of all this flash and cynicism on the country's social fabric. A long-nascent conflict is flaring up in Russia as a new generation of dissidents takes to the streets, determined to defy the Kremlin and fight for a society where beliefs and values actually count for something. The stories recounted in Nothing is True and Everything is Possible are wild and bizarre and lavishly entertaining, but they also reveal the strange and sober truth of a society's return from post-Soviet freedom to a new and more complex form of tyranny"--… (altro)
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A lire au début 2023 on se rend compte que presque tout est (de manière parfois anecdotique) dans ce récit. ( )
  Nikoz | Jan 23, 2023 |
Olvashatjuk önéletrajzi alapokon álló regényként is, amelyben London szülötte visszatér a városba, ahonnan szülei elmenekültek, és megpróbálják megemészteni egymást. Győz a város, London gyermeke feladja, és hazatér. Pomerantsev abban az időszakban érkezett Moszkvába, amikor a "nyugati" szó varázslatos hatással bírt, azt mondtad, "Londonból jöttem", és máris dúskáltál az állásajánlatok között. A szerző történetesen a televíziónál helyezkedik el, ami ebben a pezsgő, új honban mindennek az alfája és omegája, mert egyedül képes összekötni a felhőkarcolók és fekete Bentley-k Oroszországát azzal a Russzal, ahol a mámik még mindig a kerekeskútról hozzák a vizet a leveshez. Ide is, oda is el tudja vinni az Elnök üzeneteit, így hát a technokraták, akik ezeket a direktívákat megszerkesztik és habos-babos, fogyasztható formába öltik (pláne a tapasztalt nyugatiak), megérik a saját súlyukat aranyban. Szóval minden szép és jó, ömlik a pénz, csak hát valami bűzlik Dániában. Illetve pont Dániában nem annyira.

Pomerantsev könyve a nagyszerű publicista lendületével megírott bennfentes szöveg arról, ahogy a valóság felbomlik a kormányzati médiumok csapásai alatt. Nem pusztán arról van itt szó, hogy az orosz állami tévé hazudik, a helyzet ennél összetettebb: az orosz politika tervezőzsenijei megelégszenek azzal, ha elhiszed, MINDENKI hazudik, hisz egy világban, ahol mindenki hazudik, a mi hazugságunk akár egyenértékű is lehet a többiek hazugságával. Ez pedig eltakarja az összebékíthetetlen kontrasztot aközött, hogy egyeseknek bitang sok pénzük van, mások meg ázsiai mélyszegénységben élnek. Mert egyfelől van az alkoholizmus, a szekták, a terrorizmus, a halálra szekált kiskatonák, a felmérhetetlen, mindent átható korrupció, valamint a magántulajdon törékenységének Oroszországa. Másfelől pedig van a hanyatló Római Birodalom dekadenciáját felidéző bulik Oroszországa, ahol a fiatal csajok (az "aranyásók") azért jönnek fel a fővárosba, hogy pénzes palit fogjanak, és ahol az Elnök barátai brit focicsapatokat vásárolnak, amibe úgy gyűjtik a sztárfocistákat, mint én anno a Lutra albumba az állatos matricákat. Mi hidalhat át ilyen szakadékokat? Hát az Elnök személye, aki "hatékony" és "stabilitást" ad, ezt kell a médiának minél hatékonyabban mantrázni, hátha az elfedi azt az apróságot, hogy igazából se hatékonyságról, se stabilitásról nem beszélhetünk.

És a média ezt megoldja. Az orosz agytrösztök tanultak a hidegháború hibáiból: akkor a nyugat egy csomagban adta el a szabadpiaci kapitalizmust és a parlamentáris demokráciát a menő zenékkel és menő filmekkel, a farmerral, a laza életérzéssel. A putyini rezsim képes volt leválasztani a kettőt egymásról, létrehozva egy cool diktatúrát, ahol az Elnök homofób motorosokkal mutatkozik, félmeztelenül medvéket simogat, erős, bátor, igazi apafigura, amíg őt látjuk, nincsen semmi baj. Az egyetlen biztos pont egy bizonytalan világban, ahol a nyugati imperializmusnak más dolga sincs, mint az oroszok ellen fenekedni. És hogy ez a folyamatos készenlét ne fárassza le túlzottan a lakosságot, a tévék gondoskodnak a buborékokról, ahol minden rendben van, nyugati licenc alapján készült valóságshow-kkal terelik a figyelmet, Amerikából koppintott vígjátékokat sugároznak, sőt, ami a csavarok csavarja: még ellenzéki pártokat is biztosítanak neked - ha arra van igényed -, csak éppen ügyelnek arra, hogy ezek a pártok elég nevetségesek legyenek, és senki ne tudja őket valódi alternatívának tekinteni. Szóval megvagyunk valahogy - a fal bársonyfüggönnyel van takarva, a létezését is el lehet felejteni, egészen addig, amíg bele nem rohanunk fejjel. De hát ne rohangáljon az ember. Ne ágáljon, ne akarja, hogy igazi problémákkal foglalkozzunk, ne vesse fel, hogy fejétől bűzlik a hal, mert akkor megjárja. De hát ez is megy, hisz a kommunizmus utolsó évtizedeiben megszerezték az oroszok a rutint a színleléshez: senki sem hitte komolyan, hogy a rendszer működik, mind látták a repedéseket, de úgy tettek, mintha nem lenne semmi gond. Most is csak így járnak el, őszintén biztosítják az Elnököt a szeretetükről, kinyilvánítják hitüket Szent Oroszország Anyácska tökéletességében, aztán a gyereküket meg - ha tehetik - brit iskolákba járatják, és Milánóban egy igazi jó kávé mellett baráti körben kitárgyalják, micsoda szar ez az egész. Közben meg a repedések ott vannak - hogy meddig lehet eltakarni őket, jó kérdés. Hogy összeomlik-e a Patyomkin-falu, vagy előbb még megfertőzi és a maga képére formálja az európai demokráciákat, arra egyelőre nincs válasz.

Nyilván nem illik szakirodalomként olvasni. Inkább újságírói munka, hisz az abnormálisra koncentrál az általános helyett. Ugyanakkor ha valahol, hát Oroszországban az abnormális már olyan közel került az általánoshoz, hogy a kettő határai szinte elmosódnak - szóval kellő óvatossággal akár következtetéseket is levonhatunk. Nem túl biztatóakat, ami azt illeti. Jó lenne hinni abban, hogy Pomerantsev nem a jövőt mutatja meg, hanem csak valami extrémet, valami érdekeset, amin elszörnyülködünk ugyan, de minket nem érint. De hát érint. ( )
  Kuszma | Jul 2, 2022 |
This is a simultaneously fascinating, in places horrifying and overall quite depressing account of Post-Soviet Russia, especially under Putin since 2000. One of the key takeaways is the immense and overwhelming sense of dislocation brought about by the fall of the Soviet Union in a comparatively short period of time, almost an existential trauma for most Soviet people, leading to multiple reinventions, with people (sometimes the same people) adopting guises variously as liberal reformers, Soviet nostalgics, Russian nationalists, establishment oligarchs or anti-Kremlin dissidents. The structure of the book is rather rambling and jumps about in time, perhaps self-consciously ironically echoing the nature of Russia during these decades.

In the context of the current (as I write) unfolding Russian invasion of Ukraine , the role of Russia Today in broadcasting Putin's views, but often in a subtle way, is laid bare here: "This is a new type of Kremlin propaganda, less about arguing against the West with a counter-model as in the Cold War, more about slipping inside its language to play and taunt it from inside". So, for example, "the Kremlin switches messages at will to its advantage, climbing inside everything: European right-nationalists are seduced with an anti-EU message; the far left is co-opted with tales of fighting US hegemony; US religious conservatives are convinced by the Kremlin’s fight against homosexuality. And the result is an array of voices, working away at global audiences from different angles, producing a cumulative echo chamber of Kremlin support all broadcast on Russia Today". By the same token, through its "political technologists" it neutralises internal opposition, and "climb[s] inside all ideologies and movements, exploiting and rendering them absurd", so that the "Kremlin.... own[s] all forms of political discourse, to not let any independent movements develop outside of its walls".

Some other particularly awful things stuck out in my mind, for example the mass arrests and imprisonment of perfectly legitimate business people, including small kiosk holders, because overnight the authorities had reclassified harmless substances such as food additives as narcotics, in a battle between power brokers in the "law enforcement" apparatus. But how can you enforce law or obtain true justice when crime is owned by the state?: "when the President ascended to the Kremlin the era of the gangster ended. The secret services took over organised crime themselves; there was no way hoodlums could compete". Another shocking aspect was the deaths and exploitation of Russian models at the hands of a supposed self help movement that had more features of a suicide pact than anything else.

I could cite many other examples, but this is a grim subject, perhaps the only positive reflection now being that more people across the world are now aware of the new Russia's methods since the invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022. This is a very important book for understanding the post-Soviet Russian reality; the chaos and economic trauma of the 1990s seem almost benign compared to what has come afterwards. ( )
  john257hopper | Mar 14, 2022 |
後蘇聯眾生相,言必稱 The President 極少直呼其名總感覺有些像簡中網上衝浪體驗(。

全書看下來一個比較深刻的印象是「等國和老大哥在某些方面太像了」——劇院人質事件後新聞喉舌的全面閹割審查、想要民眾對獨裁網開一面時便操縱電視台歌頌斯大林、異見者們吐狼奶的epiphany moment、人在屋簷下不得不低頭的double-thinking、離岸愛國富二代、從電視到街頭不時聽到的「俄羅斯崛起」「西方亡我之心不死」「到處是境外勢力滲透」⋯⋯許多受訪人發言既有著似有若無的共產主義影子,但異常強烈的民族主義乃至沙文主義氣息又隨時噴薄而出,非常像我瀏覽男性用戶居多的簡中社媒時的觀感

可惜全書稍嫌虎頭蛇尾,第一章的真人真事頗顯鮮活,而最後一章論及寡頭政客時總有些避重就輕。總之當作輕鬆閲讀的 memoir 來看還不錯,當作嚴肅報告文學就大可不必了 ( )
  puripuri | Sep 9, 2021 |
A bunch of personal experiences by an essentially-westerner living and working in the media industry in Russia. Just saying "corruption" doesn't even start to describe things -- you'd expect double sets of books, etc. Cases like Yana Yakovleva where essentially innocent people get caught up in turf battles between different federal agencies, agencies which then use organic protest movements as communications vehicles and weapons to attack each other, shows why so many people have moved overseas at the earliest opportunity. ( )
  octal | Jan 1, 2021 |
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"Nothing Is True and Everything is Possible is a journey into the glittering, surreal heart of 21st century Russia: into the lives of oligarchs convinced they are messiahs, professional killers with the souls of artists, Bohemian theater directors turned Kremlin puppet-masters, supermodel sects, post-modern dictators, and playboy revolutionaries. This is a world erupting with new money and new power, changing so fast it breaks all sense of reality, where life is seen as a whirling, glamorous masquerade where identities can be switched and all values are changeable. It is a completely new type of society where nothing is true and everything is possible--yet it is also home to a new form of authoritarianism, built not on oppression but avarice and temptation. Peter Pomerantsev, ethnically Russian but raised in England, came to Moscow work in the fast-growing television and film industry. The job took him into every nook and corrupt cranny of the country: from meetings in smoky rooms with propaganda gurus through to distant mafia-towns in Siberia. As he becomes more successful in his career, he gets invited to the best parties, becomes friend to oligarchs and strippers alike, and grows increasingly uneasy as he is drawn into the mechanics of Putin's post-modern dictatorship. In Nothing is True and Everything is Possible, we meet Vitaliy, a Mafia boss proudly starring in a film about his own crimes; Zinaida, a Chechen prostitute who parties in Moscow while her sister is drawn towards becoming a Jihadi; and many more. These 21st century Russians grew up among Soviet propaganda they never believed in, became disillusioned with democracy after the fall of communism, and are now filled with a sense of cynicism and enlightenment. Pomerantsev captures the bling effervescence of oil-boom Russia, as well as the steadily deleterious effects of all this flash and cynicism on the country's social fabric. A long-nascent conflict is flaring up in Russia as a new generation of dissidents takes to the streets, determined to defy the Kremlin and fight for a society where beliefs and values actually count for something. The stories recounted in Nothing is True and Everything is Possible are wild and bizarre and lavishly entertaining, but they also reveal the strange and sober truth of a society's return from post-Soviet freedom to a new and more complex form of tyranny"--

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