Russia under the Bolshevik Regime is the sequel to Richard Pipes's classic The Russian Revolution, and covers the time from the outbreak of the Civil War in 1918 to the death of Lenin in 1924, when all the institutions and nearly all the practices of future Stalinism were in place. In the first history of the period to make use of the recently opened Russian archives, the author traces the formative years of the Communist state, when the Bolshevik leaders - Lenin, Trotsky, Stalin, and others - put their stamp on a regime that was to hold power for the next seventy years. He describes the efforts of the Bolsheviks to defend and expand their dominion to the borderlands of Russia and to the rest of the world; the Civil War between Whites and Reds, the most destructive episode in the country's history since the Mongol invasion of the thirteenth century; the devastating famine of 1921; Lenin's cultural and religious policies; and the crisis that engulfed the regime in the early 1920s as the result of political and economic failures. Richard Pipes shows that a great deal of what the Communists did had roots in Russia's historical experience and that both Mussolini and Hitler adapted, for their own purposes, the totalitarian techniques first developed by the Bolsheviks. Bolshevism, he says, was "the most audacious attempt in history to subject the entire life of the country to a master plan." "The tragic and sordid history of the Russian Revolution," he concludes, "teaches that political authority must never be employed for ideological ends."