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Hitler's Naval War

di Cajus Bekker

Altri autori: Vedi la sezione altri autori.

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On 30th October, 1939 Winston Churchill was conferring on board HMS Nelson with a number of the Royal Navy's most senior officers when the flagship was struck by two German torpedoes. If this shattering event has gone unrecorded by Allied official historians it is because no one on the Allied side knew it had happened. Happily both torpedoes failed to explode - as did those used in twenty-seven attacks on British warships in the 1940 Norway campaing. Had all these torpedoes detonated the ensuing incidents could have gravely affected the balance of sea power even before Dunkirk. this torpedo failure - and the scandal it sparked off in the German Navy - is just one of the important topics dealt with in this comprehensive account of the 1939-45 war at sea from the German point of view. Critical yet scrupulously fair it is probably the most authoritative account we shall get. The author, formerly an Intelligence Officer in Hitler's Navy, is already wll known here and in the United States for his controversial study of the German Air Force, The Luftwaffe War Diaries. With evidence tirelessly collected from official German naval records, the writings of leading officers, and the personal stories of numerous survivors from admirals to ordinary seamen, he has produced not merely a vividly written book, but one that throws interesting new light on actions and campaigns that have been judged, so far, from the Allied stand point. Among the most fascinating aspects of the book are its revelations about the conflict of strategic ideas, both within the German Admiralty and also between its head and Hitler; about the failure of the Navy under Raeder and the Luftwaffe under Goring to co-operate, and about the feuds between the naval Staff on shore and the Fleet Commanders at sea of whom two were relieved of their commands. Despite these human deficiencies and the fact that September 1939 caught the German Navy quite unprepared (thanks to Hitler's assurances that there would be no conflict with Britain until at earliest 1944) that Navy came within an ace of achieving an overwhelming victory. Churchill has described the threat to Britain's ocean life-lines as 'the only thing that really frightened me during the war' - adding that it frightened him even more than the Battle of Britain. Fortunately for the Allied cause Hitler was less aware of its importance. This book makes admirably clear the reasons why a conclusive success eluded the u-boats. Early on, when the defences against them were weak, and there were simply too few of them owing to the higher priorities of other war production thier torpedoes were defective. Later when there were enough of them defensive techniques had so far outstripped those of the attack, taht Donitz completely failed to realise the cause of his u-boat losses. By then these were due not only to counter developments in airborne radar, but also to the fact that u-boats betrayed their own positions (to ship-borne high frequency D.F. equipment) each time they signalled the position of an Allied convoy. Yet even in a service that monitored the signals traffic of its enemy with almost unerring efficiency these facts were completely unknown. - Dust jacket.… (altro)
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Mr. Bekker is a reasonably skilfull writer, or his translator is. The book very strongly emphasizes the actions of the surface fleet, rather than the submarine forces, and one drops a tear for the beautiful ships, never given a chance to fight in one-on-one actions. But the war came too soon for the surface fleet, and the combination of naval and air forces deployed against the Germans soon rendered it of marginal importance. I read it with interest, and it is competent within its limitations. ( )
  DinadansFriend | Jul 3, 2015 |
Indeholder "Preface", "1. The early offensive", " 1. The war that was not to happen", " 2. Wrangle with the Fleet", " 3. The secret of the magnetic mine", " 4. Navy versus Luftwaffe", " Summary and Conclusions", "2. Norwegian gamble", " 1. An operation with calculated loss", " 2. Failure of the German torpedoes", " 3. Admiral versus Grand-Admiral", " Summary and Conclusions", "3. Pyrrhic victory", " 1. Did Hitler want to invade Britain?", " 2. Era of the grey wolves", " 3. The menace of the big ships", " 4. The retreat that looked like a victory", " Summary and Conclusions", "4. The battle of the Mediterranean", " 1. A lesson in naval supremacy", " 2. The landing that never happened", " Summary and Conclusions", "5. The fall of Grand-Admiral Raeder", " 1. War in the Arctic", " 2. Unhappy new year", " 3. The break", " Summary and Conclusions", "6. Climax in the Atlantic", " 1. The crisis approaches", " 2. The technique of victory", " Summary and Conclusions", "7. The end of the German navy", " 1. Tragedy off the North Cape", " 2. Retreat on all fronts", " Summary and Conclusions", "Appendices", " 1. Serviceability State of the German Navy as at 1st September, 1939", " 2. The 'Z-plan' or Long-Term Production Plan for the German Navy, 1939-1947", " 3. Combat Report of the Destroyer Georg Thiele after the Second Battle of Narvik on 13th April, 1940 (extracts)", " 4. Memorandum issued on 11th June, 1940, by the Supreme Commander, German Navy, in Answer to Criticism of German Torpedo Failures and of the Naval Shipbuilding Programme", " 5. German Units out of Action in Summer 1940", " 6. The twenty most successful U-boat Captains of World War II", " 7. Operations by German Armed Merchant Cruisers, 1940-1943", " 8. Policy Statement issued after Operation 'Regenbogen' and the Arctic Engagement of 31st December, 1942", " 9. Plan issued by Grand-Admiral Dönitz on 2nd February, 1943, at Hitler's orders, for paying off the German Battleships, Cruisers, etc.", " 10. Strength of the German U-Boat Arm at the height of the Battle of the Atlantic", " 11. German U-Boat Losses in World War II", " 12. Complement of the Scharnhorst for Operation 'Ostfront', 25th-26th December 1943", "Bibliography", "Index".

Cajus Bekker gennemgår nogle af grundene til at tyskerne tabte flådekrigen. Faktisk var odds rigtigt dårlige lige fra start. Luftvåben og flåde samarbejdede stort set ikke og flåden havde for lidt tid til at forberede sig på krigen og de forberedelser de faktisk gjorde var heller ikke de bedste. Det tager lang tid at bygge skibe. En tommefingerregel sagde at 1 ton skibstonnage = 1 arbejder i et år. Egentlig er budskabet at flådekrigen var tabt på forhånd. Lidt ligesom første verdenskrig, bortset fra at man ikke havde nogen højsøflåde til at starte på.

Krigsudbruddet i 1939 kom som en total overraskelse for flådeledelsen, der havde troet at England og Frankrig ville lade Tyskland spise Polen uden sværdslag. Efter underskrivelsen af flådepagten mellem England og Tyskland var al planlægning gået ud fra at man aldrig skulle i krig med England og i alt fald tidligst i 1944. Fra start af turde man dårligt vove sig ud af de tyske havne, men nogle forsøg på at lægge magnetiske miner ud for engelske havne gik godt, og så blev man mere dristig. De første tab var to krydsere som blev sænket af tyske flyvere ved en fejl. De store slagskibe er både en styrke og en svaghed. De kan levere ildkraft og bruges til at få fjenden til at koncentrere sig om at jagte dem i stedet for at gå efter ubådene. Men England har en meget større krigsflåde end tyskerne, så den eneste reelle trussel mod England var faktisk ubådene, der kunne genere skibskonvojerne fra USA til England og senere fra England til Sovjet. Invasionen i Norge var dyr i skibe for den tyske flåde, men de havde regnet med at deres ubåde også kunne gøre det dyrt for englænderne, men nej, de tyske torpedoer var ikke blevet testet ordentligt og i praksis viste de sig slet ikke at fungere. Hitlers lynkrig og hurtige sejr over Frankrig gav adgang til de franske havne, men det var en tvivlsom fornøjelse, for de var indenfor nem rækkevidde af det engelske luftvåben. Ved evakueringen af Dunkirk havde englænderne støvsuget hele området for skibe og sprængt dem, de ikke selv kunne bruge. En evt invasionsflåde til brug ved en tysk invasion i England var derfor ikke til stede. Man planlagde at bruge flodpramme efter slæbebåde, men ingen troede rigtigt på ideen og Hitler selv var slet ikke opsat på at invadere England. I stedet ville han have England til selv at søge fred, men det ville England ikke. Krigen mod Rusland blev indledt fordi Hitler ville berøve England det håb at Rusland ville gå ind i krigen på engelsk side og Hitler regnede med en hurtig sejr, der kunne sikre ham oliefelter og mineralresourcer.
I Middelhavsområdet var det egentlig Italien, der skulle sætte sig igennem, men det skete ikke og for at støtte Rommel og hans krig i Nordafrika var tyskerne nødt til at sætte flådestyrker ind. Igennem hele starten af krigen var den øverstbefalende for flåden Admiral Raedel og den øverstkommanderende for de samlede styrker, Hitler, uenige om strategien og det er svært at se andet end at krigen var tabt på forhånd. Specielt var det ikke smart at starte angrebskrig mod Rusland i stedet for enten at holde på det allerede erobrede eller vha ubåde og luftvåben at forsøge at knække England. I Middelhavet var det også en stor fejl ikke at invadere Malta og beholde den. Tyskerne bombede ganske vist Malta sønder og sammen, men så snart de holdt pause blev øen igen forsynet med våben og ammunition og blev ved med at bide fra sig. I Nordatlanten forsøgte flådens store krigsskibe at genere konvojerne, men samtidigt havde de ordre til ikke at risikere noget. Det gav små tab på åbent vand, men til gengæld blev skibene angrebet vedholdende fra luften, når de lå i havn. Af frygt for at blive lokaliseret ud fra radiobølgerne brugte tyskerne heller ikke deres radar ret meget, hvilket gav en del overraskelser, når de blev beskudt på lang afstand af engelske skibe, der havde helt styr på hvor de var. De store slagskibe som Bismarck og Tirpitz var reelt ikke meget værd for tyskerne, hvis man ser på hvad de kostede at bygge og holde i søen, i forhold til hvor meget skade de reelt gjorde.
Den tyske flådeledelse havde hele tiden en ide om at hvis bare de havde luftdækning og ikke mødte jævnbyrdige modstandere, så ville skibene klare sig fint. Men et var teori og noget andet praksis.
Da D-Dag oprandt, var der kun tyske småbåde tilbage til at forsvare landet fra havsiden.

Glimrende baggrundsinformation om hvor skørt tyskernes projekt med at vinde krigen på havet var. ( )
  bnielsen | Aug 10, 2013 |
This book is a great history of Hitler and his navy. It includes battle history of the American fleet in its victory over Germany during World War II. ( )
  LarrySouders | Feb 10, 2011 |
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Nome dell'autoreRuoloTipo di autoreOpera?Stato
Cajus Bekkerautore primariotutte le edizionicalcolato
Ziegler, FrankTraduttoreautore secondarioalcune edizioniconfermato
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On 30th October, 1939 Winston Churchill was conferring on board HMS Nelson with a number of the Royal Navy's most senior officers when the flagship was struck by two German torpedoes. If this shattering event has gone unrecorded by Allied official historians it is because no one on the Allied side knew it had happened. Happily both torpedoes failed to explode - as did those used in twenty-seven attacks on British warships in the 1940 Norway campaing. Had all these torpedoes detonated the ensuing incidents could have gravely affected the balance of sea power even before Dunkirk. this torpedo failure - and the scandal it sparked off in the German Navy - is just one of the important topics dealt with in this comprehensive account of the 1939-45 war at sea from the German point of view. Critical yet scrupulously fair it is probably the most authoritative account we shall get. The author, formerly an Intelligence Officer in Hitler's Navy, is already wll known here and in the United States for his controversial study of the German Air Force, The Luftwaffe War Diaries. With evidence tirelessly collected from official German naval records, the writings of leading officers, and the personal stories of numerous survivors from admirals to ordinary seamen, he has produced not merely a vividly written book, but one that throws interesting new light on actions and campaigns that have been judged, so far, from the Allied stand point. Among the most fascinating aspects of the book are its revelations about the conflict of strategic ideas, both within the German Admiralty and also between its head and Hitler; about the failure of the Navy under Raeder and the Luftwaffe under Goring to co-operate, and about the feuds between the naval Staff on shore and the Fleet Commanders at sea of whom two were relieved of their commands. Despite these human deficiencies and the fact that September 1939 caught the German Navy quite unprepared (thanks to Hitler's assurances that there would be no conflict with Britain until at earliest 1944) that Navy came within an ace of achieving an overwhelming victory. Churchill has described the threat to Britain's ocean life-lines as 'the only thing that really frightened me during the war' - adding that it frightened him even more than the Battle of Britain. Fortunately for the Allied cause Hitler was less aware of its importance. This book makes admirably clear the reasons why a conclusive success eluded the u-boats. Early on, when the defences against them were weak, and there were simply too few of them owing to the higher priorities of other war production thier torpedoes were defective. Later when there were enough of them defensive techniques had so far outstripped those of the attack, taht Donitz completely failed to realise the cause of his u-boat losses. By then these were due not only to counter developments in airborne radar, but also to the fact that u-boats betrayed their own positions (to ship-borne high frequency D.F. equipment) each time they signalled the position of an Allied convoy. Yet even in a service that monitored the signals traffic of its enemy with almost unerring efficiency these facts were completely unknown. - Dust jacket.

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